{"id":6618,"date":"2023-06-02T17:38:26","date_gmt":"2023-06-02T15:38:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/?p=6618"},"modified":"2024-12-13T17:58:20","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T16:58:20","slug":"psicodelicos-cannabis-y-drogas-duras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/es\/psychedelics\/101\/psychedelics-cannabis-and-hard-drugs\/","title":{"rendered":"Psicod\u00e9licos vs Cannabis y Drogas Duras: Redefiniendo las sustancias (4\u00aa parte)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6618\" class=\"elementor elementor-6618\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8874107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8874107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-43c9867\" data-id=\"43c9867\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d202dd elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d202dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-77036c6\" data-id=\"77036c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;slideshow&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_gallery&quot;:[],&quot;background_slideshow_loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_duration&quot;:5000,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_transition&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_transition_duration&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4ad7f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4ad7f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Redefining substances: The Difference Psychedelics, Cannabis &amp; \u201cHard Drugs\u201d\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-936837d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"936837d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Chapter 4: What are Psychedelics?<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9107cbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9107cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Psychedelics 101 Series <br><i>Understanding the Fundamentals of Psychedelics<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dda56be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dda56be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estimated reading time: 9 mins<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0cc6f99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0cc6f99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e0f9c7\" data-id=\"7e0f9c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1dc084 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1dc084\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7748c1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7748c1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>June 15, 2023<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc278ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc278ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/nino-galvez-leferink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nino Galvez<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/about-dmitrij-achelrod\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dmitrij Achelrod (PhD)<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cf0fcd elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"0cf0fcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cf0fcd\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cf0fcd\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__0cf0fcd\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b125e72 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b125e72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12b69d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12b69d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/psychedelics-in-western-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In the previous article: \u201cPsychedelics in Western Medicine: Pharmacology\u201d<\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we explored the basic pharmacology of these substances. Now you enter the second half of Chapter 2, equipped to understand the difference between psychedelics, cannabis &amp; \u201chard drugs\u201d.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4e49c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4e49c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><i>Is cannabis a psychedelic substance?<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a7b7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30a7b7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cannabis and psychedelics may seem similar at first glance, both altering perception, mood, and cognitive processes, and being used for therapeutic, recreational, and spiritual purposes. But when taking a closer look, the differences between cannabis and psychedelics become clear.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychedelics and cannabis act on different receptors and neural pathways in the brain. While classical psychedelics interact with the serotonergic system in the brain, cannabis interacts with the endocannabinoid system, specifically the CB1 and CB2 receptors.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The experiential effects differ, too. While the effects of cannabis are usually more calming and sedating, the classic psychedelic substances can lead to more pronounced and revealing states, such as the \u201cdissolution of the boundaries of the self\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The therapeutic application of these substances also differs. Cannabis is most commonly used to treat chronic pain and spasticity whereas serotonergic psychedelics have been studied for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and addiction\/substance abuse. Similar to psychedelics, cannabis is increasingly used in therapeutic settings to treat PTSD [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8222769\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. It is likely that the scope of clinical applications for both substances will be widened in the future.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00e9e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00e9e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><i>Hard drugs and Psychedelics do not belong in the same box<br \/><\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d02fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30d02fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/history_of_psychedelics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the previous article in this series<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we explored the tendency of policy-makers &#8211; which has been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vehemently opposed by many scientists &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tossing psychedelics into the same bucket together with actually harmful substances, or \u201chard drugs\u201d, like heroin, cocaine, crack, or crystal meth. Actually, \u201chard drugs\u201d and psychedelics are very different in important ways. Here we cover important risk differences related to addictive potential, physiological toxicity and psychological safety.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6499aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6499aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Addictive potential<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f65ce6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f65ce6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hard drugs are dangerous because they are highly addictive, causing severe physical and psychological dependence. The addictive potential of hard drugs comes from their strong manipulation of the dopamine system in the brain [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-103337\">2<\/a>]. From an evolutionary perspective, this system has evolved to motivate us to take action that serves our survival, such as eating and having sex, by providing the reward of pleasure through the release of dopamine [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.3109\/00048670903270449?journalCode=anpa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. Hard drugs artificially hijack this system by drastically boosting the production of dopamine and other neurotransmitters beyond natural levels, tricking the brain into believing it is taking a useful action by creating a disproportionately high dopaminergic reward without the need for effort. This leads to compulsive drug-seeking behavior and intense withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit using.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike hard drugs, classic serotonergic psychedelics do not interact with the brain&#8217;s dopamine system [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4813425\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. A body of research has confirmed that after a psychedelic experience, there is no craving to repeat it or want more as it does not cause dependence or addiction. In fact, the vastness and intensity of the psychedelic experience often has the opposite effect, causing people to stay away from psychedelics in order to integrate and make sense of the experience.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actually, opposite to being addictive substances, psychedelics used in the right context, have shown their potential in treating substance abuse disorders (addiction) like alcoholism\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); background-color: var( --e-global-color-3950dbb );\">[<\/span><a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17019896\/\">5<\/a><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); background-color: var( --e-global-color-3950dbb );\">]<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); background-color: var( --e-global-color-3950dbb );\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb58ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb58ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Toxicity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429df09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"429df09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For almost half a century, mainstream media has neatly played along the political agenda of the War on Drugs, and has painted psychedelics as dangerous and harmful substances. Various unsubstantiated claims about the toxicity of psychedelics were made, for instance, that LSD would damage people\u2019s chromosomes. In fact, classic serotonergic psychedelics are non-toxic for the liver and the central nervous system, even in very high doses [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811211069100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. It may be surprising to many but every bottle of beer sipped on a warm summer day or a cigarette casually smoked during the coffee break is considerably more harmful in terms of toxicity than a journey on a classic serotonergic psychedelic. In a state-of-the-art pharmacological review, world-renowned professor Nichols summarized that \u201c&#8230;from a physiologic standpoint they [psychedelics] are in fact one of the safest known classes of CNS drugs\u201d [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4813425\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">].\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, scientific research found that psychedelics are much less harmful to the user and society compared to commonly accepted drugs like alcohol and almost all other controlled substances [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673607604644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. A study published in the world\u2019s most prestigious medical journal The Lancet by Nutt and colleagues claimed that heroin, crack cocaine, and metamfetamine were the most harmful drugs to individuals, whereas alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine were the most harmful to others. LSD and mushrooms, on the contrary, were found to be the least harmful of all substances (see graph below).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85c3b7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85c3b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As opposed to serotonergic psychedelics, hard drugs can cause significant toxicity to the body. The exact effects vary depending on the specific drug and the individual&#8217;s use pattern. However, some common physiological effects of hard drug use include damage to the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. Cocaine and methamphetamine use, for example, can cause heart attacks, high blood pressure, and stroke [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0278239191902239\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. Heroin and opioid use can lead to respiratory depression, which can cause oxygen deprivation and death. Hard drugs can also alter the brain&#8217;s chemistry and structure, leading to changes in behavior, mood, and cognitive function, and pathological decreases in the size of certain brain regions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99c37a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"99c37a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Drugscience-harm-ranking.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6619\" alt=\"chart comparing substances cannabis, psychedelics, alcohol and hard drugs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Drugscience-harm-ranking.jpg 943w, https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Drugscience-harm-ranking-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Drugscience-harm-ranking-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Substance Harm Comparison [9}<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08a53e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08a53e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Psychological safety<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf9c317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf9c317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hard drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and others, can contribute to the development of mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Hard drugs can impair cognitive function and memory, leading to difficulty in thinking clearly and performing everyday tasks. The risk of developing paranoia and delusions, as well as experiencing mood swings, also are also frequently associated with hard drug use.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While certain psychedelics are considered to be safe from a physiological standpoint, it&#8217;s important to remember that they can still impair judgment and decision-making abilities during the experience [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4033076\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]. Therefore, the importance of preparation, supervision, support, and integration work, either in a clinical or traditional ceremonial context, cannot be overstated. What\u2019s more, following an impactful psychedelic experience, it is advised to delay taking important and drastic life decisions for a few weeks or months.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another risk to keep in mind is the potential of psychedelics to trigger psychotic episodes in rare instances. This risk can be greatly reduced with psychiatric screening beforehand, mindset preparation, and the right physical setting. When these factors are considered, a psychedelic journey can be considered a reasonably safe experience. In a recent review of the scientific literature, Schlag et al. concluded that \u201cmany\u2013albeit not all\u2013of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence\u201d [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35107059\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We discussed the differences and similarities between psychedelics, cannabis, and &#8220;hard drugs&#8221; in terms of their pharmacology, effects, and therapeutic potential. While cannabis and psychedelics share some similarities in terms of their effects on perception, mood, and cognition, they act on different receptors and neural pathways in the brain. Additionally, they have different therapeutic applications, with cannabis commonly used to treat chronic pain and spasticity, and psychedelics studied for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, and addiction\/substance abuse. &#8220;Hard drugs,&#8221; on the other hand, are dangerous because of their high addictive potential and physiological toxicity, which can cause damage to the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. In contrast, psychedelics have been shown to be non-addictive and non-toxic, making them one of the safest known classes of CNS drugs. Overall, this article emphasizes the importance of separating psychedelics from &#8220;hard drugs&#8221; and reconsidering the way they are categorized and regulated.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p>Please bear in mind that we do not provide medical advise and you should always seek assistance from a medical professional before making any decision about consuming psychedelics.<br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7c3f12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7c3f12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><b>Ready for a paradigm shift?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c038962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next article \u201c<strong><a class=\"row-title\" href=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/psychedelics-and-reality-shifting-the-western-paradigm\/\" aria-label=\"\u201cPsychedelics and Reality: It\u2019s Time for a Paradigm Shift (Part 5)\u201d (Edit)\">Psychedelics and Reality: It\u2019s Time for a Paradigm Shift<\/a><\/strong><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is of a different nature, as it opens the possibilities of interpreting the psychedelic experience through an exploration of metaphysics and the concept of the paradigm shift.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0118150 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0118150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-skew-forward\" href=\"https:\/\/evolute-institute.com\/psychedelics-and-reality-shifting-the-western-paradigm\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zm-28.9 143.6l75.5 72.4H120c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v16c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h182.6l-75.5 72.4c-9.7 9.3-9.9 24.8-.4 34.3l11 10.9c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0L404.3 273c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6 0-33.9L271.6 106.3c-9.4-9.4-24.6-9.4-33.9 0l-11 10.9c-9.5 9.6-9.3 25.1.4 34.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Next Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f07def elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f07def\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-738f57f\" data-id=\"738f57f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8a2b07 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8a2b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Images<\/strong><\/p><p>Uncited images were created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/nino-galvez-leferink\">Nino Galvez<\/a> using AI image generators<\/p><p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p><p><sup>[1]<\/sup> Rehman, Y., Saini, A., Huang, S., Sood, E., Gill, R., &amp; Yanikomeroglu, S. (2021). Cannabis in the management of PTSD: A systematic review. <i>AIMS Neuroscience<\/i>, 8(3), 414\u2013434. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/neuroscience.2021022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/neuroscience.2021022<\/a><\/p><p>[2] Wise, R. A., &amp; Robble, M. A. (2020). Dopamine and addiction. <i>Annual Review of Psychology<\/i>, 71(1), 79\u2013106. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-103337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-103337<\/a><\/p><p>[3] Adamson, S., Sellman, D., &amp; Durrant, R. (n.d.). <i>Drug use and addiction: Evolutionary perspective<\/i>. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/stoken\/default+domain\/KSSZgznJHBs2jjuysanV\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/stoken\/default+domain\/KSSZgznJHBs2jjuysanV\/full<\/a><\/p><p>[4] Nichols, D. E. (2016, April). <i>Psychedelics<\/i>. Pharmacological reviews. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4813425\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4813425\/<\/a><\/p><p>[5] Stone AL, Storr CL, Anthony JC (2006). <i>Evidence for a hallucinogen dependence syndrome developing soon after onset of hallucinogen use during adolescence<\/i>. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 15(3), 116\u2013130.<\/p><p>[6] Anne K. Schlag, Jacob Aday, Iram Salam, Jo C. Neill and David J.Nutt (2022) <i>Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science<\/i>. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(3), 258\u2013272. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211069100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211069100<\/a><\/p><p>[7] Nichols, D. E. (2016, April). <i>Psychedelics<\/i>. Pharmacological reviews. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4813425\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4813425\/<\/a><\/p><p>[8] Nutt, D., King, L. A., Saulsbury, W., &amp; Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. <i>The Lancet<\/i>, 369(9566), 1047\u20131053. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)60464-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)60464-4<\/a><\/p><p>[9] Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., &amp; Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. <i>The Lancet<\/i>, 376(9752), 1558\u20131565. doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61462-6<\/p><p>[10] Lee, C. Y. S., Mohammadi, H., &amp; Dixon, R. A. (1991). Medical and dental implications of cocaine abuse. <i>Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery<\/i>, 49(3), 290\u2013293. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90223-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90223-9<\/a><\/p><p>[11] Reynolds, P. C., &amp; Jindrich, E. J. (1985). A mescaline associated fatality. <i>Journal of Analytical Toxicology<\/i>, 9(4), 183\u2013184. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/9.4.183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/9.4.183<\/a><\/p><p>[12] Schlag, A. K., Aday, J., Salam, I., Neill, J. C., &amp; Nutt, D. J. (2022). <i>Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science<\/i>. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(3), 258\u2013272. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211069100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211069100<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-767dee8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"767dee8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdca5ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cdca5ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcda18c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dcda18c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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